What is Participation? Pre-requisite for Successful Participation.

Participation: Participation is an important vehicle for empowering. Participation is the mental and emotional involvement of people, in group situation that encourages to group goals and share responsibilities for them.

Participation is a sharing process that may increase the powered of both employees and the manager, because power is an expendable a verity of benefits for both employees and employers.

Level of Participation: Following are levels of participation, which is listed down:-

=> Informative Participation,

=> Consultative Participation,

=> Associative Participation,

=> Administrative participation, and 

=> Decisive Participation.

Pre-Requisites for Successful Participation: The successful participation is directly related to how well certain pre-requisites conditions are met as follows:-

• There must be time to participate before action is required participation is hardly appropriately in emergency situations.
• The potentials benefits of participation should be greater than the cost.
• The subject of participation must be relevant and interesting to the employees will look upon it merely a busy work.
• The participation participants must mutually able to communicate to talk each other;s language in order to be able to exchange ideas.
• The participants should have the ability, such as intelligence and technical knowledge to participate.
• Neither party should feel that its position is threatened by participation.
• Participation for deciding a course of action in an organization can take place only within the group's area of job freedom.

Herzberg's Motivation Two Factors Theory.

According to the Two Factors Theory of Frederick Herzberg people are influenced by two factors. Satisfaction and psychological growth are a result factors of motivation factors. dissatisfaction was a result of hygiene factors. Herzberg developed this motivation theory during investigation of 200 account and engineers in the USA.

Hygiene Factors: Hygiene factors are job factors that can cause dissatisfaction if missing but do not necessarily motivate employees if increased. Pry working condition supervisors company policies fringe benefits these factors help prevent dissatisfaction.

Motivation Factors: Motivating factors intrinsic factors, such as achievement, recognition, the work itself, responsibility, advancement and growth. People will be either satisfied or not satisfied. Achievement responsibility work itself recognition growth advancement these factors promote satisfaction.

The following table present the top six factors causing dissatisfaction and the top six factors causing satisfaction, listed in the order of higher to lower importance.

Factors Affecting Job Attitudes

What is Organizational Environment? Discuss Various Types of Organizational Environment.

The organizational environment is the set of forces surrounding an organization that have the potential to affect the way it operates and its access to scarce resources. The organization needs to properly understand the environment for effective management.
Scholars have Divided these environmental factors into two main parts as,
A) Internal Environment,
B) External Environment.

 

      A) Internal Environment: The internal environment consists of the organization's owners, board of directors, regulators, physical work environment and culture. In the internal environment include strength and weakness of an organization. Trade union, Management, Current employee, Share holders. 

     B) External Environment: In the external environment include opportunities and threats of an organization. In the external environment include legal, physical economic, technology, social, political, culture. The external environment consists of two layers. They are:

                1) Task Environment:    2) General Environment.

i) Task Environment: Task environment is composed of the specific dimensions of the organization's surrounding that are very likely to influence of the organization. It also consists of five dimensions: Competitors, Customers, Employees, Strategic, Planners and suppliers.

ii) General Environment: General environment is composed of the nonspecific elements of the organization's surrounding the might affect its activities. It consists of five dimensions: Economic, Technological, Sociocultural, Political-Legal and International.

What is Communication? Discuss Importance of Communication.

Communication: Communication is derived from the Latin word :communis" which means to "to share" that is shearing of ideas, concepts, feelings and emotions. Communication is a linking function between two or more person. Communication is a meaningful transfer of information from one person to another.

According to Newman & Summer, "Communication is the transfer of ideas, feelings, opinion and emmotion between two or more person."

According to Jaques, :Communication is the sum total of directly and indirectly consciously and unconscious transmitted feelings.

According to Barher, "Communication is a dynamic, ever-changing, unending process by which people transmit information and feelings to other."

Importance of Communication: Effective communication is a building block of successful organizations. In other words, communication acts as organizational blood. The importance of communication in an organization can be summarized as follows:

• Promotes Motivation: Communication promotes motivation by informing and clarifying the employees an bout the task to be done, the manner they are performing the task, and how to improve their performance if it is not up to the mark.
• Source of Information: Communication is a source of information to the organizational members for decision-making process as it helps identifying and assessing alternative course of actions.
• Altering Individual's Attitudes: Communication also plays a crucial role in altering individual's attitudes, i.e. a well informed individual will have better attitude than a less-informed individual. Organizational magazines, journals, meetings and various other forms of oral and written communication help in molding employee's attitudes.
• Helps in Socializing: Communication also helps in socializing. In today's life the only presence of another individual fosters communication. It is also said that one cannot survive without communication.
• Controlling Process: As discussed earlier, communication also assists in controlling process. It helps controlling organizational member's behavior in various ways.

What is Organizational Development? Discuss Organizational Development Process.

Organizational Development: Organizational development is a system-wide application of behavioral science knowledge to the planned development and reinforcement of organizational strategies, structures, and processes for improving an organization's effectiveness.

According to Newstrom & Keith Davis."Organizational development is an intervention strategy that uses group processes to focus in the whole culture of an organization in order to bring about planned change."

According to Schmuck & Miles,"Organizational development can be define as a planned sustained effort to apply behavioral science for system improvement, using reflexive and self analytical methods.

Warren Bennis describe organizational development as," A complex strategy intended to change the beliefs, attitudes, values, and structure of organizations so that they can better adapt to new technologies, markets, and challenges."

Organizational Development Process: The organizational development process is complicated and it takes long time to complete the process. It takes minimum of one year and sometimes continues indefinitely. There are different approaches to organizational development process but the typical process consists of seven steps.

• Initial Diagnosis: It is necessary to find out the professional and competent people within the organization to plan and execute OD activities. If Competent people are not available within the organization the service activities analysis of documents and reports for diagnosing the problem.
• Data Collection: Survey method is used to collect the data and information for determining organizational climate and identifying the behavioral problems.
• Data Feedback and Confrontation: Data collected are analyzed and reviewed by various work groups formed from this purpose in order to mediate in the areas of disagreement or confrontation or ideas or opinions and to establish priorities.
• Selection and Design of Interventions: The interventions are the planned activities that are introduced into the system to accomplish desired change and improvements. At this stage the suitable interventions are to be selected and designed.
• Implementation of Intervention: The selected intervention should be implemented. Intervention may take the form of workshops, feedback of data to the participants, group discussions, written exercises, on the job activities,  redesign of control system etc.
• Action Planning and Problem Solving: Groups prepare recommendations and specific action planning to solve the specific and identified problems by using data collected.
• Team Building: The consultants encourage the employees throughout the process to form into groups and teams by explaining the advantages of the teams in the OD process, by arranging joint meetings with the managers, subordinated etc.
• Inter Group Development: The consultants encourage the inter group meetings, interaction etc, after the formation of groups/teams.

Conclusion: The organization finally has to evaluate the OD programs, find out their utility, and develop the programs further for correcting the deviations and/or improved results. the consultants help the organization in this respect. All the steps in the OD process should be followed by the organization is order to derive full range of OD benefits.